People may argue about why Earth is warming, how long its fever will last and whether any of this warrants immediate corrective action. But whether Earth is warming is no longer open to debate. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has just published domestic examples to reinforce what Americans witnessed last month — either on TV or in their own backyards.
Let's start with the heat: March 2012 temperatures averaged 10.6° Celsius (51° Fahrenheit) — or 5.5 °C warmer than the 20th century average across the contiguous United States. Throughout the more than 115 years that national U.S. weather data have been compiled, only one other month (January 2006) surpassed this past March in its departure from the average.
In all, U.S. weather stations logged almost 15,300 all-time highs, last month, roughly half of them for nighttime temps. “There were 21 instances of the nighttime temperatures being as warm, or warmer, than the existing record daytime temperature for a given date,” NOAA’s new analysis finds. Only Alaska bucked the trend; its temperatures were the tenth coolest for March.
Nor was last month the only anomalous period. The first three months of 2012 also set a record for toastiness across the contiguous United States, with an average temperature throughout the period of some 5.6 degrees above the long-term average. Sixteen states had temperatures ranking among their 10 warmest for the quarter. None of the contiguous states posted a quarterly composite for January through March that fell below its long-term average.
In many regions, March weather anomalies sparked conversations. At the Society of Toxicology meeting in San Francisco, for instance, I ran into three researchers who remarked on needing sweaters. All said it was warmer at home than at the meeting — home being Michigan, Maine and Indiana. In the DC area, people ogled earlier-than-normal blooms in their yards and on century-old cherry trees lining the Tidal Basin.
Nationally, the entire 2011-to-2012 cold season (October through March) proved especially mild. It was the second-warmest on record across the 48 states.
Accompanying the heat came a diminished rainfall. Nationally, the 2012 precipitation average is somewhat more than 0.7 centimeters (0.29 inches) below average. As of last week, one-third of the lower 48 states were experiencing drought — up from 18.8 percent this time last year.
The heat stirred up weather systems, driving plenty of big storms. March 2012 saw more than 220 tornadoes — or almost 2.8 times the long-term average for that month. One particularly severe spell on March 2-3 caused 40 deaths and racked up an estimated $1.5 billion in commercial and property losses.
The “Climate Extremes Index” — a scale introduced 16 years ago — attempts to quantify trends in extreme weather by identifying the percent of the contiguous states that fall outside the norm of temperature, precipitation, severe drought and hurricanes (or tropical storms) making landfall. So far, the 2012 index rating is 39 percent, or about twice the expected value.Weather records are just one quantifiable measure of warming. Many others can be harder to eyeball. For instance, the annual mean sea surface temperature for last year was the 9th warmestfor the period that started in 1880. (The 10 warmest years have all occurred since January 2000.)
We reported a wealth of analyses last year pointing to the Arctic having evolved “to a new normal,” with warmer, drier weather. Last July, researchers announced that relatively deep coastal waters off Greenland are now expected to warm considerably faster than elsewhere by the year 2100, exaggerating the risk of ice sheet melting and global sea-level rise.
Many people won't complain about a somewhat balmier winter or marginally early spring. But warming isn't a cold-weather phenomenon. It's a 24/7 event occurring year-round. And at least here in the nation's capital, an increase in the normal summer-long muggy heat is not something I can imagine anyone welcoming.
Fonte: Science News
O México poderia perder cerca de 70% de suas florestas nebulares devido às mudanças climáticas até 2080, de acordo com uma nova pesquisa publicada na Nature Climate Change, que tem implicações para as matas nebulares do mundo todo.
“Dada a pequena tolerância ambiental das florestas nebulares, o medo é que as mudanças climáticas induzidas pelo homem constituam um perigo ainda maior [do que o desmatamento] em um futuro próximo”, diz o principal autor, Rocío Ponce-Reyes, do Centro ARC de Excelência para Decisões Ambientais (CEED) e da Universidade de Queensland, em um comunicado à imprensa.
As matas nebulares são geralmente definidas como florestas tropicais que crescem em uma altitude de mais de 2.500-3.000 metros de elevação, onde a floresta recebe a maioria de sua umidade da neblina. Ecossistemas únicos, as matas nebulares abrigam muitas espécies não encontradas em nenhum outro lugar, incluindo uma grande variedade de orquídeas, beija-flores e anfíbios.
Pesquisadores descobriram que o aumento das temperaturas e mudanças climáticas poderiam devastar 11.685 quilômetros das florestas nebulares do México, o equivalente a 69% de todo o bioma atualmente. No entanto, as notícias são ainda piores: a maioria das matas nebulares do México (88%) continuam desprotegidas e vulneráveis a desmatamento e degradação.
Se florestas desprotegidas forem derrubadas e os impactos das mudanças climáticas afetarem o resto como previsto, o México poderia perder 99% de suas matas nebulares e a maioria de suas espécies.
Os pesquisadores escrevem que “ações imediatas” são necessárias para proteger as florestas nebulares que parecem mais resistentes aos impactos das mudanças climáticas.
“Nossa análise indica que uma área chave para proteção imediata é a Serra Juárez em Oaxaca. Essa área contém muitas espécies endêmicas e espera-se que retenha fragmentos relativamente grandes de matas nebulares apesar das mudanças climáticas rápidas”, escrevem os pesquisadores. Atualmente, 22 espécies ameaçadas são encontradas na Serra Juárez.
“Se medidas corakprescas não forem tomadas logo para reduzir a concentração de gases do efeito estufa, essas florestas pouco provavelmente sobreviverão em sua forma presente, com pouco de sua diversidade atual, ao longo do século XXI”, alertam os cientistas.
O estudo levanta questões maiores sobre as matas nebulares no mundo todo: se 69% das florestas nebulares do México são vulneráveis às mudanças climáticas, e as outras florestas nebulares da América Central, América do Sul, África subsaariana, sudeste da Ásia e do arquipélago malaio?
Infelizmente, apesar de abrigar uma riqueza de espécies endêmicas e desconhecidas, as matas nebulares continuam pouco estudadas pelos pesquisadores, e estão desaparecendo rapidamente devido à conversão para plantações e pasto, assim como para a exploração de madeira.
CITAÇÃO: Rocío Ponce-Reyes, Víctor-Hugo Reynoso-Rosales, James E. M. Watson, Jeremy Van Der Wal, Richard A. Fuller, Robert L. Pressey and Hugh P. Possingham. Vulnerability of cloud forest reserves in Mexico to climate change. Nature Climate Change. 2012.
Traduzido por Jéssica Lipinski
Leia o original no Mongabay (inglês)
Fonte: http://www.institutocarbonobrasil.org.br
A melting Arctic shifts atmospheric patterns across much of the Northern Hemisphere
Devin Powell
Global warming may be responsible for the Northern Hemisphere's recent bout of severe winters. As Arctic sea ice melts, it funnels cold air toward the equator and sets the stage for snow, a new study finds.
“When we have a dramatic reduction in sea ice, we end up with more snow,” says climate scientist Jiping Liu of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta and coauthor of the study, published online February 27 in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Despite rising global temperatures, extreme winters have blasted much of the Northern Hemisphere during the last decade. Unusually large snowstorms pummeled the United States’ east coast during the winters of 2009 to 2010 and 2010 to 2011. Parts of Japan saw record levels of snow this winter, while in Europe both the Danube and Venice's canals froze over, a rare sight.
To explain this bitter cold and snow, some scientists have turned to natural climate fluctuations — including El Niño, a periodic warming of the eastern Pacific Ocean thought to portend warmer and drier winter conditions. But since some severe winters coincided with El Niño years, Liu's team looked instead to sea ice floating in the Arctic, a region that has been warming twice as quickly as the average rate for the Northern Hemisphere.
Satellite observations show that the amount of sea ice during autumn months, after the summer melt, declined by 27.3 percent between 1979 and 2010. In its worst year, 2007, sea ice covered 4.13 million square kilometers in September, down 1.19 million square kilometers from the previous record low in 2005. Years with less autumn ice tended to be followed by more winter snow in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere. The researchers’ computer simulations suggest that losing 1 million square kilometers of ice can increase snowfall by 3 to 12 percent in some places, including parts of the United States, Europe and China.
Liu and his team “confirm a link between sea-ice cover and snow cover,” says Ralf Jaiser, a climate scientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Potsdam, Germany. “That is something I always expected but was not able to prove.”
Jaiser and other scientists have been studying the atmosphere to work out how changes in sea ice could chill faraway places. When the reflective ice disappears, the darker ocean that remains absorbs more of the sun's energy. Both the surface of the water and the air above it heat, changing the way that winds circulate through the atmosphere and forming a high-pressure system.
Computer simulations published in 2009 in Geophysical Research Letters found that such a pressure system can push cold air out of the Arctic and into Eurasia. A case study of Europe’s 2005-2006 winter, reported in 2010 in the Journal of Geophysical Research, suggested that cold air blowing in from the Arctic increases by threefold the chance of cold winter extremes in Europe.
Disappearing sea ice may also provide more moisture for forming snow, says Liu. In further simulations by his team, open water no longer covered by ice released vapor that traveled to parts of Europe and Asia.
But Stephen Vavrus, a climate scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, doubts that this humidity plays much of a role. Most of the United States would have abnormally low humidity during the winter, based on the data of Liu’s team, in precisely the areas where lots of snow falls. “Whether there is enough moisture to cause heavy snowfall during a cold interval is probably controlled by other factors,” says Vavrus.
And disappearing sea ice isn’t only thing driving the cold and the snow. The United States had a particularly warm and snowless winter this year, probably thanks to a periodic flip in Arctic winds that trumped the effects of sea ice loss, says Liu.
Still, if sea ice melts further, big snowstorms may be in the forecast more often than not. “If this pattern of reduced sea ice continues, in the short term we may see more of these cold, snowy conditions,” says Radley Horton, a climate scientist at Columbia University who collaborated with Liu.
Fonte: http://www.sciencenews.org
Duração de processo para tecnologia limpa diminuirá mais de três anos.
Objetivo é aumentar ofertas voltadas ao combate das mudanças climáticas.
Processos de patente de tecnologias consideradas “limpas” serão agilizados a partir da próxima semana pelo Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (Inpi), com o objetivo de aumentar a oferta de produtos verdes no mercado relacionados à geração de energia, transporte e resíduos sólidos, afirma Patrícia Carvalho dos Reis, gerente do projeto “Patentes verdes”, do Inpi.
A partir de 17 de abril, um projeto piloto vai reduzir de cinco anos e quatro meses para dois anos o tempo para reconhecimento de uma invenção no Brasil, seja para projetos de empresas residentes ou não residentes no país.
Em uma primeira etapa, 500 projetos poderão se beneficiar, sejam eles novos ou que tenham sido depositados no Inpi a partir de janeiro 2011. A quantidade foi definida a partir de levantamento feito na instituição com dados de 2007 a 2009. Neste período, houve uma média anual de 500 solicitações para criações consideradas limpas, sendo 80% provenientes de empresas brasileiras.
Segundo a gerente do projeto, a principal redução na espera vai ocorrer devido à exclusão do período chamado “sigilo”. Atualmente, por força de lei, o "sigilo" exige que qualquer invenção deve ficar depositada por 18 meses, até que se inicie a análise.
“As patentes verdes vão enfrentar uma fila mais rápida. Isso vale para novas invenções depositadas no Inpi a partir de janeiro de 2011”, explica.”
Reflexos na Rio+20
Patrícia diz que a iniciativa segue a tendência iniciada nos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Coreia do Sul, que aumentaram investimentos voltados para meios sustentáveis de geração de energia, transporte público, gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos (lixo), agricultura, além de redução nas emissões de carbono e esgoto.
“A nossa intenção é divulgar a iniciativa do Brasil na Rio+20 e fomentar a ideia para outros países, para que incentivem essas tecnologias no combate às mudanças climáticas”, disse.
A Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, a Rio+20, acontece em junho deste ano no Rio de Janeiro.
Fonte: G1